ARCHIVED CONTENT: In December 2020, the CZO program was succeeded by the Critical Zone Collaborative Network (CZ Net) ×

Papers/Books

under construction

181 Publications

2020

Increasing plant water stress and decreasing summer streamflow in response to a warmer and wetter climate in seasonally snow‐covered forests. Christensen L., Adams HR, Tai X, Barnard HR, Brooks PD (2020): Ecohydrology e2256 (online) Cross-CZO

2020

Atmospheric dust deposition varies by season and elevation in the Colorado Front Range, USA. Heindel, RC, Putman, AL, Murphy, SF, Repert, DA, and Hinckley, ES (2020): JGR-Earth Surface 125, e2019JF005436

2020

Resolving Deep Critical Zone Architecture in Complex Volcanic Terrain. Moravec B.G., White A.M., Root R.A, Sanchez A., Olshansky Y., Paras B.K., Carr B., McIntosh J., Pelletier J.D., Rasmussen C., Holbrook W.S., Chorover J. (2020): Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface 125(1): e2019JF005189 Cross-CZO

2020

Chemistry of water, stream sediment, wildfire ash, soil, dust, and mine waste for Fourmile Creek Watershed, Colorado, 2010-2019. Murphy, S.F., McCleskey, R.B., D.A., Holloway, J.M., Writer, J.W., Martin, D.A., and Stricker, C.A. (2020): U.S. Geological Survey Data Releas

2020

Wildfire-driven changes in hydrology mobilize arsenic and metals from legacy mine waste. Murphy, S.F., McCleskey, R.B., Martin, D.A., Holloway, J.M., and Writer, J.W., (2020): Science of the Total Environment v. 743, 140635

2020

Orographic controls on sub-daily rainfall statistics and flood frequency in the Colorado Front Range, USA . Rossi, MW, Anderson, RS, Anderson, SP (2020): Geophysical Research Letters 47, e2019GL085086,

2019

Ecological and genomic attributes of novel bacterial taxa that thrive in subsurface soil horizons. Brewer, Tess E., Emma L. Aronson, Keshav Arogyaswamy, Sharon A. Billings, Jon K. Botthoff, Ashley N. Campbell, Nicholas C. Dove, Dawson Fairbanks, Rachel E. Gallery, Stephen C. Hart, Jason Kaye, Gary King, Geoffrey Logan, Kathleen A. Lohse, Mia R. Maltz, Emilio Mayorga, Caitlin O’Neill, Sarah M. Owens, Aaron Packman, Jennifer Pett-Ridge, Alain F. Plante, Daniel D. Richter, Whendee L. Silver, Wendy H. Yang, Noah Fierer (2019): mBio Oct 2019, 10 (5) e01318-19 Cross-CZO National

2019

Hillslope hydrology in global change research and Earth system modeling. Fan, Y., Clark, M., Lawrence, D. M., Swenson, S., Band, L. E., Brantley, S. L., P. D. Brooks, W. E. Dietrich, A. Flores, G. Grant, J. W. Kirchner, D. S. Mackay, J. J. McDonnell, P. C. D. Milly, P. L. Sullivan, C. Tague, H. Ajami, N. Chaney, A. Hartmann, P. Hazenberg, J. McNamara, J. Pelletier, J. Perket, E. Rouholahnejad‐Freund, T. Wagener, X. Zeng, E. Beighley, J. Buzan, M. Huang, B. Livneh, B. P. Mohanty, B. Nijssen, M. Safeeq, C. Shen, W. van Verseveld, J. Volk, D. Yamazaki (2019): Water Resources Research, vol 55 Cross-CZO

2018

Climate driven coevolution of weathering profiles and hillslope topography generates dramatic differences in critical zone architecture. Anderson, R. S., Rajaram, H., Anderson, S. P. (2018): Hydrological Processes . 2018;1 – 16.

2018

Reevaluating growing season length controls on net ecosystem production in evergreen conifer forests. Barnard, D.M., Knowles, J.F., Barnard, H.R., Goulden, M.L., Hu, J., Litvak, M.E., Molotch, N.P. (2018): Scientific Reports 8(1): 17973 Cross-CZO

2018

Tales from the tomb: the microbial ecology of exposed rock surfaces. Brewer, T.E., N. Fierer (2018): Environmental Microbiology 20(3): 958-970

2018

A global atlas of the dominant bacteria found in soil . Delgado-Baquerizo, M., Oliverio, AM, Brewer, TE, Benavent-Gonzalez, A., Eldridge, DJ, Bardgett, RD, Maestre, FT, Singh, BK, and Fierer, N (2018): Science 359: 320-325

2018

Anthropocene Landscape Change and the Legacy of Nineteenth- and Twentieth-Century Mining in the Fourmile Catchment, Colorado Front Range. Dethier, D. P., Ouimet, W. B., Murphy, S. F., Kotikian, M., Wicherski, W., & Samuels, R. M. (2018): Annals of the American Association of Geographers, 1-21

2018

Quasi-steady evolution of hillslopes in layered landscapes: An analytic approach . Glade, R and Anderson, RS (2018): JGR Earth Surface 123, 26-45

2018

Humidity determines snowpack ablation under a warming climate. Harpold A.A. and Brooks P.D. (2018): PNAS 115(6): 1215-1220 Cross-CZO

2018

Alpine catena response to nitrogen deposition and its effect on the aquatic system. Iggy Litaora, M., Suding, K., Anderson, S.P., Lituse, G., Caine, N. (2018): Catena 170 (2018) 108–118

2018

Snowmelt‐driven trade‐offs between early and late season productivity negatively impact forest carbon uptake during drought. Knowles J.F., Molotch N.P., Trujillo E. & Litvak M.E. (2018): Geophysical Research Letters 45: 3087–3096 Cross-CZO

2018

On the use of a snow aridity index to predict remotely sensed forest productivity in the presence of bark beetle disturbance . Knowles, JK, L. Lestak, N.P. Molotch (2018): Water Resources Research, 53: 4891-4906

2018

Developing and exploring a theory for the lateral erosion of bedrock channels for use in landscape evolution models. Langston, AL and Tucker, GE (2018): Earth Surface Dynamics 6: 1-27

2018

Which way do you lean? Using slope aspect variations to understand Critical Zone processes and feedbacks. Pelletier J. D., Barron‐Gafford G. A., Gutiérrez‐Jurado H., Hinckley E.‐L. S., Istanbulluoglu E., McGuire L. A., Niu G.‐Y., Poulos M. J., Rasmussen C., Richardson P., Swetnam T. L., and Tucker G. E. (2018): Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 43(5): 1133–1154 Cross-CZO

2018

A net ecosystem carbon budget for snow dominated forested headwater catchments: linking water and carbon fluxes to critical zone carbon storage. Perdrial J., Brooks P.D., Swetnam T., Lohse K.A., Rasmussen C., Litvak M., Harpold A.A., Zapata-Rios X., Broxton P., Mitra B., Meixner M., Condon K., Huckle D., Stielstra C., Vázquez-Ortega A., Lybrand R., Holleran M., Orem C., Pelletier J., Chorover J. (2018): Biogeochemistry 138{3): 225–243 Cross-CZO

2018

Mercury sourcing and sequestration in weathering profiles at six Critical Zone Observatories. Richardson, Justin B., Arnulfo A. Aguirre, Heather L. Buss, A. Toby O'Geen, Xin Gu, Daniella M. Rempe, and Daniel deB. Richter (2018): Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 32(10):1542-1555 Cross-CZO National

2018

Ideas and perspectives: Strengthening the biogeosciences in environmental research networks. Richter, D.D., S.A. Billings, P.M. Groffman, E.F. Kelly, K.A. Lohse, W.H. McDowell, T.S. White, S. Anderson, D.D. Baldocchi, S. Banwart, S. Brantley, J.J. Braun, Z.S. Brecheisen, C.W. Cook, H.E. Hartnett, S.E. Hobbie, J. Gaillardet, E. Jobbagy, H.F. Jungkunst, C.E. Kazanski, J. Krishnaswamy, D. Markewitz, K. O’Neill, C.S. Riebe, P. Schroeder, C. Siebe, W.L. Silver, A. Thompson, A. Verhoef, G. Zhang (2018): Biogeosciences 15: 4815-4832 Cross-CZO National

2018

Erosion and channel changes due to extreme flooding in the Fourmile Creek catchment, Colorado . Wicherski, W, Dethier, DP, and Ouimet, WB (2018): Geomorphology 294: 87-98

2017

Colloidal transport in the Gordon Gulch catchment of the Boulder Creek CZO and its effect on C‐Q relationships for silicon. Aguirre A.A., Derry L.A., Mills J.T., Anderson S.P. (2017): Water Resources Research 53, 2368–2383, Cross-CZO National

2017

Growing new generations of critical zone scientists. Wymore, Adam S., Nicole R. West, Kate Maher, Pamela L. Sullivan, Adrian Harpold, Diana Karwan, Jill A. Marshall, Julia Perdrial, Daniella M. Rempe and Lin Ma (2017): Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 42 (14): 2498-2502 Cross-CZO National

2017

Topoclimate effects on growing season length and montane conifer growth in complex terrain . Barnard, DM, Barnard, HR, and Molotch, NP (2017): Environmental Research Letters 12

2017

Designing a network of critical zone observatories to explore the living skin of the terrestrial Earth. Brantley, S.L., McDowell, W.H., Dietrich, W.E., White, T.S., Kumar, P., Anderson, S., Chorover, J., Lohse, K.A., Bales, R.C., Richter, D., Grant, G., and Gaillardet, J. (2017): Earth Surface Dynamics, 5, 841–860 Cross-CZO National

2017

Reviews and syntheses: on the roles trees play in building and plumbing the critical zone. Brantley, Susan L., David M. Eissenstat, Jill A. Marshall, Sarah E. Godsey, Zsuzsanna Balogh-Brunstad, Diana L. Karwan, Shirley A. Papuga, Joshua Roering, Todd E. Dawson, Jaivime Evaristo, Oliver Chadwick, Jeffrey J. McDonnell, Kathleen C. Weathers (2017): Biogeosciences, 14, 5115-5142 Cross-CZO National

2017

Regional sensitivities of seasonal snowpack to elevation, aspect, and vegetation cover in western North America. Christopher J. Tennant, Adrian A. Harpold, Kathleen Ann Lohse, Sarah E. Godsey, Benjamin T. Crosby, Laurel G. Larsen, Paul D. Brooks, Robert W. Van Kirk, Nancy F. Glenn (2017): Water Resources Research 53 Cross-CZO National

2017

Sources of streamflow along a headwater catchment elevational gradient. Cowie, R. M., Knowlesa, J. F., Daileya, K. R., Williamsa, M. W., Millsa, T. J., Molotch, N. P. (2017): Journal of Hydrology Volume 549, June 2017, Pages 163–178

2017

Dating of river terraces along Lefthand Creek. Foster, M.A., Anderson, R.S., Gray, H.J., and Mahan, S.A (2017): Geomorphology

2017

Large near-term projected snowpack loss over the western United States. Fyfe, J.C., C. Derksen, L. Mudryk, N.C. Swart, N.P. Molotch, G.M. Flato, X. Zhang, H. Wan, V.K. Arora, J. Scinocca, Y. Jiao (2017): Nature Communications, Vol. 8, article: 14996,

2017

Block-controlled hillslope form and persistence of topography in rocky landscapes. Glade, R. C., Anderson, R. S., and Tucker, G. E. (2017): Geology, First published on 2017-01-23 12:45:18, doi:10.1130/G38665.1

2017

Impacts of increasing aridity and wildfires on aerosol loading in the intermountain western US. Hallar, A.G., N.P. Molotch, J. Hand, L.R. Lestak, I.B. McCubbin, B. Livneh, R. Petersen, J. Michalsky, D. Lowenthal (2017): Environmental Research Letters, 12(1): article 014006

2017

Critical zone properties control the fate of nitrogen during experimental rainfall in montane forests of the Colorado Front Range. Hinckley, E. S., Ebel, B. A., Barnes, R. T., Murphy, S. F., Anderson, S. P. (2017): Biogeochemistry (2017) 132: 213. doi:10.1007/s10533-017-0299-8

2017

Geochemical evolution of the Critical Zone across variable time scales informs concentration-discharge relationships: Jemez River Basin Critical Zone Observatory. McIntosh J.C., Schaumberg C., Perdrial J., Harpold A., Vázquez-Ortega A., Rasmussen C., Vinson D., Zapata-Rios X., Brooks P.D., Meixner T., Pelletier J., Derry L., Chorover J. (2017): Water Resources Research 53(5): 4169–4196 Cross-CZO National

2017

Colloid mobilization and seasonal variability in a semi-arid, headwater streamMills, TJ, Anderson, SP, Bern, C, Aguirre, A, and Derry, LA . Mills, TJ, Anderson, SP, Bern, C, Aguirre, A, and Derry, LA (2017): J Environ. Qual. 46 (1): 88-95

2017

A model of three-dimensional topographic stresses with implications for bedrock fractures, surface processes, and landscape evolution. Moon, S., J.T. Perron, S.J. Martel, W.S. Holbrook, and J. St. Clair (2017): Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface 122 (4): 823-846 Cross-CZO

2017

Characterizing hyporheic exchange processes using high-frequency electrical conductivity-discharge relationships on subhourly to interannual timescales. Singley, J. G., Wlostowski, A. N., Bergstrom, A. J., Sokol, E. R., Torres, C. L., Jaros, C., Wilson, C. E., Hendrickson, P. J., Gooseff, M. N. (2017): Water Resources Research 53, 4124–4141 Cross-CZO National

2017

Topographically driven differences in energy and water constrain climatic control on forest carbon sequestration. Swetnam T.L., Brooks P.D., Barnard H.R., Harpold A.A., and Gallo E.L. (2017): Ecosphere 8(4): e01797 Cross-CZO

2017

Topographically driven differences in energy and water constrain climatic control on forest carbon sequestration . Swetnam, TL, Brooks, PD, Barnard, HR, Harpold, AA, and Gallo, EL (2017): Ecosphere 8 (4): e01797. Cross-CZO

2017

Quantifying the effects of wildfire on changes in soil properties by surface burning of soils from the Boulder Creek Critical Zone Observatory. Wieting, C., Ebel, B. A., Singha, K. (2017): Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies Volume 13, October 2017, Pages 43-57

2016 (In Review)

Snowmelt Rate Dictates Streamflow . Barnhart, T.B., Molotch, N.P., Harpold, A., Knowles, J., Livneh, B., and Schneider, D., (2016): Geophysical Research Letters.

2016

Dissolved organic matter transport reflects hillslope to stream connectivity during snowmelt in a montane catchment. Burns, M.A., Barnard, H.R., Gabor, R.S., McKnight, D.M., and Brooks, P.D. (2016): Water Resources Research 52 (6)

2016

Relic DNA is abundant in soil and obscures estimates of soil microbial diversity. Carini, P., Marsden, P.J., Leff, J.W., Morgan, E.E., Strickland, M., and Fierer, N. (2016): bioRxiv preprint

2016

Boulder Creek Critical Zone Observatory Data Management Plan. Fey, J. (2016): Research Ideas and Outcomes 2: e9419 (06 Jun 2016)

2016

Assessing the effect of a major storm on 10Be concentrations and inferred basin-averaged denudation rates. Foster, M.A. and Anderson, R.S. (2016): Quaternary Geochronology 34: 58-68

2016

The 2016 Kirk Bryan field trip: Quaternary landslides, fluvial terraces, and recent geomorphic events along the Colorado Front Range. Foster, M.A., Anderson, R.S., Rindfleisch, P.R., Birkeland, P.W., Redwine, J.R., Pitlick, J., and *Glade, R.C. (2016): In Keller, S.M., and Morgan, M.L., eds., Unfolding the Geology of the West: Geological Society of America Field Guide 44, p. 267–289

2016

Optimizing available network resources to address questions in environmental biogeochemistry . Hinckley, E-L, Anderson, SP, Baron, JS, Blanken, PD, Bonan, G., Bowman, WD, Elmendorf, S, Fierer, N, Fox, A, Goodman, K, Jones, K, Lombardozzi, D, Lunch, C, Neff, J, SanClements, M, Suding, K, and Wieder, W (2016): BioScience, Volume 66, Issue 4, 1 April 2016, Pages 317–326,

2016

Examining diel patterns of soil and xylem moisture using electrical resistivity imaging. Mares, R., Barnard, H. R., Mao, D., Revil, A., Singha, K. (2016): Journal of Hydrology 536 (2016) 327–338

2016

Variation of organic matter quantity and quality in streams at Critical Zone Observatory watersheds. Miller, Matthew P., Boyer, Elizabeth W., McKnight, Diane M., Brown, Michael G., Gabor, Rachel S., Hunsaker, Carolyn T., Iavorivska, Lidiia, Inamdar, Shreeram, Johnson, Dale W., Kaplan, Louis A., Lin, Henry, McDowell, William H., Perdrial, Julia N. (2016): Water Resources Research, 52 (10): 8202–8216 Cross-CZO

2016

Modeling the influence of preferential flow on the spatial variability and time-dependence of mineral weathering rates. Pandey, S. And Rajaram, H. (2016): Modeling the influence of preferential flow on the spatial variability and time-dependence of mineral weathering rates

2016

A similarity solution for reaction front propagation in a fracture-matrix system . Rajaram, H. and Arshadi, M. (2016): Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 374: 20150424

2016

Hillslope-derived blocks retard river incision. Shobe, C., G.E Tucker, and R.S. Anderson (2016): Geophysical Research Letters 43

2016

A method for simultaneous measurement of soil bacterial abundances and community composition via 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Smets, W., J.W. Leff, M.A. Bradford, R.L. McCulley, S. Lebeer, N. Fierer (2016): Soil Biology & Biochemistry 96: 145-151

2016

Gophers as geomorphic agents in the Colorado Front Range . Winchell, E.W., Anderson, R.S., (2016): Geomorphology 264: 41-51

2015

Particle trajectories on hillslopes: Implications for particle age and 10Be structure. Anderson, R.S. (2015): JGR-Earth Surface 120: 1626–1644

2015

Pinched topography initiates the critical zone: Geophysical imaging provides a clearer picture of how rock turns into soil . Anderson, R. S. (2015): Science 350: 506-507

2015

Force of nature: A monumental flood gives CU-Boulder researchers a rare opportunity to study the effects of extreme weather on erosion. Anderson, R. S., Anderson, S., Anderson, S. P. (2015): Research and creative work 2014–15, PG.3-5

2015

Exhumation by debris flows in the 2013 Colorado Front Range storm. Anderson, S.W., Anderson, S. P., and Anderson, R. S. (2015): Geology, Geological Society of America

2015

Complex terrain alters temperature and moisture limitations of forest soil respiration across a semiarid to subalpine gradient . Berryman, E.M., Barnard, H.R., *Adams, H.R., *Burns, M.A., Gallo, E., and Brooks, P.D. (2015): Journal of Geophysical Research- Biogeosciences, 120, 707-723

2015

Recent tree die-off has little effect on streamflow in contrast to expected increases from historical studies. Biederman J.A., Somor A.J., Harpold A.A., Gutmann E.D., Breshears D.D., Troch P.A., Gochis D.J., Scott R.l., Meddens A.J.H., and Brooks P.D. (2015): Water Resources Research 51(12): 9775-9789 Cross-CZO

2015

Quantifying the effects of vegetation structure on snow accumulation and ablation in mixed-conifer forests. Broxton P. D., Harpold A. A., Biederman J. A., Troch P. A., Molotch N. P., and Brooks P. D. (2015): Ecohydrology 8(6): 1073-1094 Cross-CZO

2015

The river as a chemostat: Fresh perspectives on dissolved organic matter flowing down the river continuum . Creed, I. F., McKnight, D. M., Pellerin, B. A., Green, M. B., Bergamaschi, B. A., Aiken, G. R., Burns, D. A., Findlay, S. E. G., Shanley, J. B., Striegl, R. G. (2015): Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 72(8):1272-1285

2015

Hydrodynamic control of benthic mats of Didymosphenia geminata at the reach scale. Cullis, J., McKnight, M. and Spaulding, S. (2015): Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences

2015

Aspect-dependent soil saturation and insight into debris-flow initiation during extreme rainfall in the Colorado Front Range. Ebel, B.A., Rengers, F. K., and Tucker, G.E. (2015): Geology 43 (8): 659-662

2015

Using 10Be to deduce rates of landscape evolution and mobile-regolith residence times in Gordon Gulch, Boulder Creek CZO. Foster, M.A., Anderson, R.S., Wyshnytzky, C.E., Ouimet, W.B., Dethier, D.P (2015): GSA Bulletin 127 (5/6): 862–878

2015

Influence of Leaching Solution and Catchment Location on the Fluorescence of Water-Soluble Organic Matter. Gabor, R. S., Burns, M. A., Lee, R. H., Elg, J. B., Kemper, C. J., Barnard, H. R, and McKnight, D. M. (2015): Environmental Science & Technology Article ASAP

2015

Soil moisture response to snowmelt timing in mixed-conifer subalpine forests. Harpold A. A., Molotch N. P., Musselman K. N., Bales R. C., Kirchner P. B., Litvak M. and Brooks P. D. (2015): Hydrological Processes 29(12): 2782–2798 Cross-CZO

2015

Laser vision: lidar as a transformative tool to advance critical zone science. Harpold, A. A., Marshall, J. A., Lyon, S. W., Barnhart, T. B., Fisher, B. A., Donovan, M., Brubaker, K. M., Crosby, C. J., Glenn, N. F., Glennie, C. L., Kirchner, P. B., Lam, N., Mankoff, K. D., McCreight, J. L., Molotch, N. P., Musselman, K. N., Pelletier, J., Russo, T., Sangireddy, H., Sjöberg, Y., Swetnam, T., and West, N. (2015): Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 2881-2897 Cross-CZO National

2015 (In Press)

The relative contributions of alpine and subalpine ecosystems to the water balance of a mountainous, headwater catchment . Knowles, J.F., Harpold, A.A., Cowie, R., Zeliff, M., Barnard, H.R., Burns, S.P., Blanken, P.D., Morse, J.F., and Williams, M.W. (2015): Hydrological Processes, in press

2015

Evidence for climatic and hillslope-aspect controls on vadose zone moisture and saprolite weathering. Langston, A. L., Tucker,G. E., Anderson, R. S. and Anderson, S. P. (2015): ESPL, 40 1254-1269

2015

Interpreting climate-modulated processes of terrace development along Colorado Front Range using a landscape evolution model. Langston, A.L., G.E. Tucker, R.S. Anderson (2015): JGR-Earth Surface 120: 2121-2138

2015

Corrigendum: The role of precipitation type, intensity, and spatial distribution in source water quality after wildfire. Murphy SF, Writer JH, McCleskey RB, and Martin DA (2015): (2015 Environ. Res. Lett. 10 084007). Environmental Research Letters 11, 179504

2015

The role of precipitation type, intensity, and spatial distribution in source water quality after wildfire. Murphy, S. F., Writer, J. H., McCleskey, R. B., and Martin, D. A. (2015): Environ. Res. Lett. 10 084007

2015

Geophysical imaging reveals topographic stress control of bedrock weathering. St. Clair, J., S. Moon, W. S. Holbrook, J. T. Perron, C. S. Riebe, S. J. Martel, B. Carr, C. Harman, K. Singha, D. deB. Richter (2015): Science 350 (6260): 534-538 Cross-CZO National

2015

Climatic and landscape influences on soil moisture are primary determinants of soil carbon fluxes in seasonally snow-covered forest ecosystems. Stielstra C.M., Lohse K.A., Chorover J., McIntosh J.C., Barron-Gafford G.A., Perdrial J.N., Litvak M., Barnard H.R., Brooks P.D. (2015): Biogeochemistry 123(3): 447–465 Cross-CZO

2015

Rare Earth Elements as Reactive Tracers of Biogeochemical Weathering in Forested Rhyolitic Terrain. Vázquez-Ortega A., Perdrial J., Harpold A., Zapata-Ríos X., Rasmussen C., McIntosh J., Schaap M., Pelletier J.D., Brooks P.D., Amistadi M.K., Chorover J. (2015): Chemical Geology 391: 19-32 Cross-CZO

2015

Chapter 2 – The Role of Critical Zone Observatories in Critical Zone Science. White T., Brantley S., Banwart S., Chorover J., Dietrich W., Derry L., Lohse K., Anderson S., Aufdendkampe A., Bales R., Kumar P., Richter D., McDowell B. (2015): Developments in Earth Surface Processes 19: 15–78 Cross-CZO National

2015

Meteoric 10Be, clay, and extractable iron depth profiles in the Colorado Front Range: Implications for understanding soil mixing and erosion. Wyshnytzky, C., Ouimet WB, McCarthy, J, Dethier, DP, Shroba, RR, Bierman, PR, and Rood, DH (2015): Catena 127: 32-45

2015

Spatial and temporal variations in meteoric 10Be inventories and long-term deposition rates, Colorado Front Range. Wyshnytzky, C., Ouimet WB, McCarthy, J, Dethier, DP, Shroba, RR, Bierman, PR, and Rood, DH (2015): Quaternary Science Reviews

2014

Topography alters tree growth–climate relationships in a semi-arid forested catchment. Adams H. R., Brnard H. R., and Loomis A. K. (2014): Ecosphere, Volume 5(11) v Article 148

2014

The effects of interannual climate variability on the moraine record. Anderson, L., Roe, G., and Anderson R. (2014): Geology 42(1): 55-58

2014

Evolution of lumpy glacial landscapes. Anderson, R. S. (2014): Geology 42(8): 679–682

2014

Variation in critical zone processes and architecture across slope aspects, . Anderson, SP, Hinckley, E-L, Kelly, P, Langston, A (2014): Procedia Earth and Planetary Science 10: 28-33

2014

Multi-scale Observations of Snow Accumulation and Peak Snowpack Following Widespread, Insect-induced Lodgepole Pine Mortality. Biederman J. A., Brooks P. D., Harpold A. A., Gutmann E., Gochis D. J., Reed D. E., and Pendall E. (2014): Ecohydrology 7(1): 150–162 Cross-CZO

2014

Increased evaporation following widespread tree mortality limits streamflow response. Biederman J.A., Harpold A.A., Gochis D.J., Ewers B.E., Reed D.E., Papuga S.A., and Brooks P.D. (2014): Water Resources Research 50(7): 5395–5409 Cross-CZO

2014

Snow temperature changes within a seasonal snowpack and their relationship to turbulent fluxes of sensible and latent heat. Burns, S.P., P.D. Blanken, M.W. Williams, N.P. Molotch, B. Seok, J.K. Knowles, R.K. Monson, A.A. Turnipseed (2014): Journal of Hydrometeorology, 15, 117-142

2014

Diel flow pulses drive particulate organic matter transport from microbial mats in a glacial meltwater stream in the McMurdo Dry Valleys. Cullis, J.D.S., Stanish, L.F., and McKnight, D.M. (2014): Water Resources Research 50: 86-97

2014

Fluorescence Indices and their Interpretation . Gabor, R., A Baker, D. McKnight, *M. Miller (2014): In Aquatic Organic Matter Fluorescence, Coble, P.G., Lead, J., Baker, A., Reynolds, D.M., and Spencer, R.G.M., eds., Cambridge University Press , p. 303-339, isbn: 9781139897907

2014

From the litter layer to the saprolite: Chemical changes in water-soluble soil organic matter and their correlation to microbial community composition. Gabor, R., Eilers, K., McKnight, D., Fierer, N., Andersond, S. (2014): Soil Biology & Biochemistry 68 (2014) 166e176

2014

Changes in snow accumulation and ablation following the Las Conchas Forest Fire, New Mexico, USA. Harpold A.A., Biederman J.A., Condon K., Merino M., Korgaonkar Y., Nan T., Sloat L.L., Ross M. and Brooks P.D. (2014): Ecohydrology 7(2): 440–452 Cross-CZO

2014

LiDAR-derived snowpack data sets from mixed conifer forests across the Western United States. Harpold, A.A., Q. Guo, N. Molotch, P. D. Brooks, R. Bales, J.C. Fernandez-Diaz, K.N. Musselman, and T.L. Swetnam, P. Kirchner, M. Meadows, J. Flanagan, R. Lucas (2014): Water Resources Research 50(3): 2749-2755 Cross-CZO

2014

Aspect control of water movement on hillslopes near the rain-snow transition of the Colorado Front Range, USA . Hinckley, E-L S., Ebel, B.A., Barnes, R.T., Anderson, R.S., Williams, M.W. and Anderson. S.P. (2014): Hydrological processes 28: 74-85

2014

Nitrogen retention and transport differ by hillslope aspect at the rain-snow transition of the Colorado Front Range. Hinckley, E.-L., Barnes, R.T., Anderson, S.P., Williams, M.W., and Bernasconi, S. (2014): Journal of Geophysical Research Biogeosciences 119(7): 1281-1296

2014

LiDAR measurement of seasonal snow accumulation along an elevation gradient in the southern Sierra Nevada, California. Kirchner, P.B., Bales, R.C., Molotch, N.P., Flanagan, J., Guo, Q (2014): Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 18: 4261-4275 Cross-CZO

2014

Filling in the gaps: Inferring spatially distributed precipitation from gauge observations over complex terrain. Livneh, B., J. S. Deems, D. Schneider, J. Barsugli, and N. Molotch (2014): Water Resour. Res., 50, 8589–8610

2014

Snow cover depletion curves and snow water equivalent reconstruction: six decades of hydrologic remote sensing applications . Molotch, N.P., Durand, M.T., Guan, B., Margulis, S.A., and Davis, R.E. (2014): In Lakshmi, Venkataraman, ed., AGU Monograph on Remote Sensing of the Terrestrial Water Cycle, American Geophysical Union, p. 159-174, ISBN 978-1-118-87203-1

2014

Stream water carbon controls in seasonally snow-covered mountain catchments: impact of inter-annual variability of water fluxes, catchment aspect and seasonal processes. Perdrial J.N., McIntosh J., Harpold A., Brooks P.D., Zapata-Rios X., Ray J., Meixner T., Kanduc T., Litvak M., Troch P.A., Chorover J. (2014): Biogeochemistry 118(1-3): 273-290 Cross-CZO

2014

Relationships between stream nitrate concentration and spatially distributed snowmelt in high-elevation catchments of the western US. Perrot, D., N. P. Molotch, M. W. Williams, S. M. Jepsen, and J. O. Sickman (2014): Water Resour. Res., 50, 8694–8713

2014

Analysis and modeling of gully headcut dynamics, North American high plains. Rengers, F. K., & Tucker, G. E. (2014): Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface, 119(5), 983-1003.

2014

Snowpack regimes of the Western United States. Trujillo, E., and N. P. Molotch (2014): Water Resour. Res., 50, 5611–5623

2013

Rock damage and regolith transport by frost: an example of climate modulation of the geomorphology of the critical zone. Anderson, R.S., Anderson, S.P., and Tucker, G.E. (2013): EARTH SURFACE PROCESSES AND LANDFORMS Earth Surf. Process. Landforms

2013

Critical zone evolution: Climate and exhumation in the Colorado Front Range. Anderson, S.P., Anderson, R.S., Tucker, G.E., and Dethier, D.P. (2013): In Abbot, L.D. and Hancock, G.S., eds., Classic Concepts and New Directions: Exploring 125 Years of GSA Discoveries in the Rocky Mountain Region: Geological Society of America, Field Guide 33, p. 1-18

2013

Tree root mounds and their role in transporting soil on forested landscapes. Benjamin S. S. Hoffman and Robert S. Anderson (2013): EARTH SURFACE PROCESSES AND LANDFORMS Earth Surf. Process. Landforms

2013

Shear removal function for the nuisance stalk forming diatom Didymosphenia geminate. Cullis J.D.S., Crimaldi J.P. and McKnight D.M. (2013): L&O: Environments and Fluids 3: 256-268

2013

Hydrodynamic shear removal of the nuisance stalk-forming diatom Didymosphenia geminata. Cullis, J., Crimaldi J., and McKnight, M. (2013): Limnology and Oceanography: Fluids and Environments

2013

Changing mountain permafrost from the 1970s to today - comparing two examples from Niwot Ridge, Colorado Front Range, USA. Leopold, M., Volkel, J., Dethier, D. P., and Williams, M.W. (2013): Zeitschrift for Geomorphologie, Supplementary Issue

2013

Subsurface architecture of the Boulder Creek Critical Zone Observatory from electrical resistivity tomography. Leopold, M., Völkel, J., Huber, J., and Dethier, D. (2013): Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 38, 1417–1431

2013

Biogeochemistry of beetle-killed forests: Explaining a weak nitrate response. Rhoades, C.C., McCutchan, J.H. Jr., *Cooper, L.A., Clow, D., Detmer, T.M., Briggs, J.S., Stednick, J.D., Veblen, T.T., Ertz, R.M., Liken, G.E., and Lewis, W.M. Jr. (2013): Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, 110 (5) 1756-1760

2013

A model for post-orogenic development of a mountain range and its foreland. Tucker, G. E., & van der Beek, P. (2013): Basin Research, 25(3), 241-259

2012

Far-flung moraines: Exploring the feedback of glacial erosion on the evolution of glacier length. Anderson, R. S., Dühnforth, M., Colgan, W. and Anderson, L. (2012): Geomorphology 2012 v.179 pp. 269-285

2012

How deep and how steady is the Earth’s surface? . Anderson, S.P. (2012): Geology, 40 (9): 863-864

2012

Landscape scale linkages in critical zone evolution. Anderson, S.P., Anderson, R.S., and Tucker, G.E. (2012): Comptes Rendus Geoscience, 344: 586-596

2012

Linkages between denitrification and organic matter quality, Boulder Creek Watershed, CO. Barnes, R.T., R.L. Smith, and G.R. Aiken (2012): Journal of Geophysical Research- VOL. 117, G01014, 14 PP

2012

A preliminary survey of lichen associated eukaryotes using pyrosequencing. Bates, S.T., W.A. Walters, R. Knight, N. Fierer. (2012): The Lichenologist 44 (1): 137–146

2012

A conceptual model for the blooming behavior and persistence of the benthic mat-forming diatom Didymosphenia geminata in oligotrophic streams. Cullis J.D.S., Gillis C-A, Bothwell M.L, Kilroy C, Packman A. and Hassan M. (2012): JGR-Biogeosciences

2012

Rock snot and Dry Valleys: Interactions between river hydraulics and stream ecosystems . Cullis, J.D.S. (2012): 16th SANCIAHS National Hydrology Symposium, Pretoria, Republic of South Africa.

2012

Using the accumulation of CBD-extractable iron and clay content to estimate soil age on stable surfaces and nearby slopes, Front Range, Colorado. Dethier, D. P., Birkeland, P.W., and McCarthy, J. A. (2012): Geomorphology 173-174: 17-29

2012

Punctuated incision of streams bounding the Colorado Front Range from measurements of meteoric and in situ 10Be. Duhnforth, M., Anderson, R.S., Ward, D.J., and Blum, A.E. (2012): Journal of Geophysical Research(117):F01023

2012

Unsteady late Pleistocene incision of streams bounding the Colorado Front Range from measurements of meteoric and in situ 10Be. Dühnforth, M., R. S. Anderson, D. J. Ward and A. Blum (2012): JGR-Earth Surface 117, F01023

2012

Digging deeper to find unique microbial communities: The strong effect of depth on the structure of bacterial and archaeal communities in soil. Eilers K.G., Debenport S., Anderson S., Fierer N. (2012): Soil Biology and Biochemistry(50):58-65

2012

Interannual variability of snowmelt in the Sierra Nevada and Rocky Mountains, USA: Examples from two alpine watersheds. Jepsen, S.M., N. P. Molotch, M.W. Williams, K.E. Rittger, J.O. Sickman (2012): Water Resources Research 48 (2) Cross-CZO

2012

Water chemistry of surface waters affected by the Fourmile Canyon wildfire, Colorado, 2010–2011. McCleskey, R.B., Writer, J.H., and Murphy, S.F., (2012): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2012–1104, 11 p

2012

Impacts of Sampling Dissolved Organic Matter with Passive Capillary Wicks Versus Aqueous Soil Extraction. Perdrial J.N., Perdrial N., Harpold A., Gao X., Gabor R., LaSharr K., and Chorover J. (2012): Soil Science Society of America Journal, 76: 2019–2030 Cross-CZO

2012

Temporal variability in the diversity and composition of stream bacterioplankton communities. Portillo, M., Anderson S., and Fierer N. (2012): Environmental Microbiology

2012

Wildfire Effects on Source-Water Quality—Lessons from Fourmile Canyon Fire, Colorado, and Implications for Drinking-Water Treatment. Writer, J.H. and Murphy, S.F. (2012): U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2012–3095, 4 p.

2012

Effects of wildfire on source-water quality and aquatic ecosystems, Colorado Front Range In: Wildfire and Water Quality: Processes, Impacts and Challenges. Writer, J.H., McCleskey, R.B. & Murphy, S.F. (2012): IAHS Publ. 354. IAHS Press. Wallingford, UK

2011

Exploring weathering and regolith transport controls on critical zone development with models and natural experiments. Anderson, S.P., Anderson, R.S., Hinckley, E.S., Kelly, P., and Blum, A.E. (2011): Applied Geochemistry 26(S1): S3-S5

2011

Bacterial communities associated with the lichen symbiosis. Bates, S.T., Cropsey, G.W.G., Caporaso, J.G., Knight, R., Fierer, N. (2011): Applied and Environmental Microbiology 77: 1309-1314

2011

Seismic constraints on critical zone architecture, Boulder Creek Watershed, Colorado. Befus, K.M., Sheehan, A.F., Leopold, M., Anderson, S.P., and Anderson, R.S (2011): Vadose Zone Journal 10: 915-927

2011

The under-recognized dominance of Verrucomicrobia in soil bacterial communities. Bergmann, G.T., Bates, S.T., Eilers, K.G., Lauber, C.L., Caporaso, J.G., Walters, W.A., Knight, R., Fierer, N. (2011): Soil Biology & Biochemistry 43: 1450-1455.

2011

Twelve testable hypotheses on the geobiology of weathering. Brantley, S.L., Megonigal, J.P., Scatena, F.N., Balogh-Brunstad, Z., Barnes, R.T., Bruns, M.A., Van Cappellen, P., Dontsova, K., Hartnett, H.E., Hartshorn, A.S., Heimsath, A., Herndon, E., Jin, L., Keller, C.K., Leake, J.R., McDowell, W.H., Meinzer, F.C., Mozdzer, T.J., Petsch, S, Pett-Ridge, J., Pregitzer, K.S., Raymond, P.A., Riebe, C.S., Shumaker, K., Sutton-Grier, A., Walter, R., and Yoo, K. (2011): Geobiology 9(2): 140-165, Cross-CZO National

2011

Shear resistance of the nuisance diatom Didymosphenia geminate. Cullis JDS (2011): Colorado Water 28(2): 5-8.

2011

Mineralogic and Geochemical Changes from Alteration of Granitic Rocks, Boulder Creek Catchment, Colorado. Dethier, D.P. and Bove, D.J. (2011): Vadose Zone Journal 10: 858-866

2011

Reconstructing the Glacial History of Green Lakes Valley, North Boulder Creek, Colorado Front Range. Duhnforth M, and Anderson, R. (2011): Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 43: 527-542

2011

Snow measurement by GPS interferometric reflectometry: an evaluation at Niwot Ridge, Colorado. Gutmann, ED, Larson, KM, Williams, MW, Nievinski, FG., and Zavorotny, V. (2011): Hydrological Processes

2011

Exploring Links between Vadose Zone Hydrology and Chemical Weathering in the Boulder Creek Critical Zone Observatory. Langston, A.L., Tucker, G.E., Anderson, R.S., and Anderson, S.P. (2011): Applied Geochemistry 26(S1): S70-S71.

2011

Training a "New Scientist" to Meet the Challenges of a Changing Environment . LeDee, O., Barnes, R.T., Emanuel, R.E., Fisher, P.B., Henkel, S.K., Marlon, J.R. (2011): EOS, Trans. AGU 92 (16)

2011

Internal Structure of the Green Lake 5 Rock Glacier, Colorado Front Range, USA: . Leopold, M, Williams, M., Caine, N., Voelkel, J., and Dethier D. (2011): Permafrost and Periglac. Process. 22/2:107-119

2011

Characteristics of a palaeosol and its implications for the Critical Zone development, Rocky Mountain Front Range of Colorado, USA. Leopold, M., Voelkel, J., Dethier, D., Huber, J. & Steffems, M. (2011): Applied Geochemistry 26(S1): S72-S75.

2011

Evaluating the effects of wildfire on stream processes in a Colorado front range watershed, USA. Murphy, S.F., and Writer, J.H. (2011): Applied Geochemistry 26 (S1): S363-S364.

2011

Strong climate and tectonic control on plagioclase weathering in granitic terrain. Rasmussen C., Brantley S., Richter D.D., Blum A., Dixon J., and White A.F. (2011): Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 301(3-4): 521-530, Cross-CZO

2011

Solving a conundrum of a steady-state hillslope with variable soil depths and production rates, Bodmin Moor, UK . Riggins, S.G., Anderson, R.S., Anderson, S.P., and Tye, A.M. (2011): Geomorphology, 128: 73-84.

2011

Significance of slope sediments layering on physical characteristics and interflow within the Critical Zone - Examples from the Colorado Front Range, USA. Voelkel, J., Huber, J. & Leopold, M. (2011): Applied Geochemistry 26(S1): S143-S145.

2011

Stream water chemistry along an elevation gradient from the Continental Divide to the Foothills of the Rocky Mountains. Williams, M.W., Barnes, R.T., Parman, J.N., Freppez, M., and Hood, E.W. (2011): Vadose Zone Journal 10: 900-919.

2010

Geomorphology: The Mechanics and Chemistry of Landscapes. Anderson, R. S., and Anderson, S. P. (2010): Cambridge University Press, 340 pp. (Textbook; weathering chapter presents the critical zone description of the earth surface.)

2010

Examining the global distribution of dominant archaeal populations in soil. Bates, S., Berg-Lyons, D., Caporaso, J.G., Walters,W. A., Knight, R., Fierer, N. (2010): ISME Journal.

2010

Recent hydrologic change in a Colorado alpine basin: an indicator of permafrost thaw?. Caine, N (2010): Annals of Glaciology 51(56) ppp 130. 2010

2010

Hydrologic Control of the Nuisance Diatom, Didymosphenia germinata . Cullis J. (2010): Colorado Water 2 (3) 4-6

2010

Shifts in bacterial community structure associated with inputs of low molecular weight carbon compounds to soil. Eilers, K.G., Lauber, C L., Knight, R., Fierer N. (2010): Soil Biology & Biochemistry 42 (2010) 896-903

2010

Estimating snow sublimation using natural chemical and isotopic tracers across a gradient of solar radiation. Gustafson J.R., Brooks P.D., Molotch N.P., and Veatch W.C. (2010): Water Resources Research 46: W12511 Cross-CZO

2010

Twentieth-century changes in the thickness and extent of Arapahoe Glacier, Front Range, Colorado. Haugen, B.D., Scambos, T.A., Pfeffer, W.T., and Anderson, R.S. (2010): Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 42 (2): 198-209.

2010

Mountain Permafrost - a valid archive to study climate change? Examples from the Rocky Mountains Front Range of Colorado, USA. Leopold, M., Voelkel, J., Dethier, D., Williams, M., and Caine, N. (2010): Nova acta Leopoldina, v. 112: 281-289.k

2010

Comparison of seasonal changes in fluorescent dissolved organic matter among aquatic lake and stream sites in the Green Lakes Valley. Miller, M.P., McKnight, D.M. (2010): Journal of Geophysical Research-Biogeosciences VOL. 115, G00F12

2010

Does climate change create distinctive patterns of landscape incision?. Wobus, C.W., Tucker, G.E., and Anderson, R.S. (2010): JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 115, F04008. 2010

2009

Searching for unifying principles in soil ecology . Fierer, N., Grandy, A.S., Six, J., Paul E.A. (2009): Soil Biology & Biochemistry. 41: 2249-2256.

2009

Production of microbially-derived fulvic acid from photolysis of quinone-containing extracellular products of phytoplankton. Miller M.P., McKnight D.M. and Chapra S.C. (2009): Aquatic Sciences 71(2): 170-178. 2009

2009

Factors controlling streambed coverage of Didymosphenia germinata in two regulated streams in the Colorado Front Range. Miller M.P., McKnight D.M., Cullis J.D., Greene A., Vietti K. and Liptzin D. (2009): Hydrobiologia 630(1):207-218. 2009

2009

A model of degradation and production of three pools of dissolved organic matter in an alpine lake. Miller, M.P., McKinight, D.M., Chpara, S.C., Williams, M.W. (2009): Limnology and Oceanography 54(6), 22-1-2227. 2009.

2009

Ecohydrological controls on snowmelt partitioning in mixed-conifer sub-alpine forests. Molotch N.P., Brooks P.D., Burns S.P., Litvak M., Monson R.K., McConnell J.R., and Musselman K. (2009): Ecohydrology 2(2): 129-142 Cross-CZO

2009

Quantifying the effects of forest canopy cover on net snow accumulation at a continental, mid-latitude site. Veatch W., Brooks P.D., Gustafson J.R., and Molotch N.P. (2009): Ecohydrology 2(2): 115-128 Cross-CZO

2009

Numerical modeling of cosmogenic deglaciation records, Front Range and San Juan mountains, Colorado,. Ward, D. J., Anderson, R. S., Guido, Z. S., Briner, J. P. (2009): J. Geophys. Res., 114, F01026

2008

Critical Zone Observatories: Building a network to advance interdisciplinary study of Earth surface processes. Anderson, S.P., Bales, R.C., and Duffy, C.J. (2008): Mineralogical Magazine 72(1): 7-10. Cross-CZO National

2008

The influence of soil properties on the structure of bacterial and fungal communities across land-use types. Lauber, C.L., Strickland, M.S., Bradford, M.A., Fierer, N. (2008): Soil Biology & Biochemistry 40(9): 2407-2415.

2008

Combining sediment analysis and seismic refraction to describe the structure, thickness and distribution of periglacial slope deposits at Niwot Ridge, Rocky Mountains Front Range, Colorado, USA. Leopold, M., Dethier, D., Voelkel, J and Raab, T. (2008): Zeitschrift fur Geomorphologie 52: 77-94.

2008

Using geophysical methods to study the shallow subsurface of a sensitive alpine environment, Niwot Ridge, Colorado Front Range, USA:. Leopold, M., Dethier, D., Voelkel, J., Raab, T., Corson-Rickert, T., and Caine, N. (2008): Arctic, Antarctic and Alpine Research 40(3): 519-530.

2007

Physical and Chemical Controls on the Critical Zone. Anderson, S.P., von Blanckenburg, F., and White, A.F. (2007): Elements 3: 315-319.

2007

Groundwater noble gas, age, and temperature signatures in an Alpine watershed: Valuable tools in conceptual model development. Manning AH, Caine JS (2007): Water Resources Research 43: W04404

2006

Facing reality: Late Cenozoic evolution of smooth peaks, glacially ornamented valleys, and deep river gorges of Colorado's Front Range In Willet SD, Hovius N, Brandon MT, Fisher D (eds) Tectonics, climate, and landscape evolution. Anderson RS, Riihimaki CA, Safran EB, MacGregor KR (2006): Geological Society of America Special Paper 398 Penrose Conference Series, p 397-418.

2006

Geomorphic inferences from regolith thickness, chemical denudation and CRN erosion rates near the glacial limit, Boulder Creek catchment and vicinity, Colorado. Dethier DP, Lazarus ED (2006): Geomorphology 75: 384-399.

2006

State of the Watershed: Water Quality of Boulder Creek, Colorado. Murphy, S. F. (2006): U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1284

2006

Geochemistry and source waters of rock glacier outflow, Colorado Front Range. Williams M. W., Knauf M., Caine TN, Liu F., and Verplanck P. (2006): Permafrost and Periglacial Processes

2004

Proposed initiative would study Earth's weathering engine. Anderson, Suzanne P., Joel Blum, Susan L. Brantley, Oliver Chadwick, Jon Chorover, Louis A. Derry, James I. Drever, Janet G. Hering, James W. Kirchner, Lee R. Kump, Daniel Richter, Art E. White (2004): Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union 85 (28): 265-269 Cross-CZO National

2004

Source waters and flowpaths in a seasonally snow-covered catchment . Liu F, Williams MW (2004): Water Resources Research 40: W09401.

2003

Soils and geomorphology in mountains-- an example from the Front Range of Colorado soils and geomorphology in mountains-- an example from the Front Range of Colorado. Birkeland, PW, Shroba, RR, Burns SF, Price AB, Tonkin PJ (2003): Geomorphology 55: 329-344

Papers and books that explicitly acknowledge a CZO grant are highlighted in PALE ORANGE.